CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR POLYMORPHS
∙ X-ray Diffraction (XRD):
Provides information about the crystal structure, unit cell dimensions, and presence of different polymorphic forms.
∙ Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC):
Measures the heat flow associated with thermal transitions (e.g., melting, phase transformations), revealing differences in melting points and phase transition temperatures between polymorphs.
∙ Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA):
Measures the change in weight of a sample as a function of temperature, helping to identify desolvation or decomposition processes unique to certain polymorphs.
∙ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy:
Provide information about the vibrational modes of molecules, which can be sensitive to changes in crystal packing and molecular conformation.
∙ Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR):
Provides detailed information about the local chemical environment and molecular dynamics within the crystal lattice.
​​∙ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM):
Used to visualize the morphology and surface features of polymorphic crystals.