Polymorphism, derived from the Greek words “poly” (many) and “morph” (form), refers to the ability of a solid chemical compound to exist in more than one crystalline form. Although these forms—called polymorphs—share the same chemical composition, they differ in the arrangement of molecules within the crystal lattice. This variation in molecular organization can lead to significant differences in physical properties such as melting point, solubility, stability, and mechanical behavior, and occasionally even influence chemical reactivity.

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Polymorphic diversity typically arises from:

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• Molecular conformation – Flexible molecules may adopt different shapes.

• Packing arrangement – Molecules may stack differently in the crystal lattice.

• Non-covalent interactions – Differences in hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, or π-π stacking alter the overall structure.

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It is important to note that polymorphism does not alter the identity of the molecule—only its solid-state architecture. This subtle yet profound distinction makes polymorphism a critical consideration in fields such as pharmaceuticals, materials science, and solid-state chemistry.